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XML can be used as a data source as well as for data output, it is safe to say that ADONET is very tightly coupled to XML In this section we will look at the benefits of ADONET, and the object model provided by ADONET, which supports applications from the smallest to the largest enterprise systems

In the realm of software engineering, there are a number of ways to describe how an application is structured, from an architectural point of view these are called models The most common model used by Microsoft, both in its literature as well as by its consulting service is called the services model and it is based on the theory that every application can be broken down into three distinct services: Presentation Service, Business Service, and Data Service Table 10-1 outlines which tasks belong in each service EXAM TIP The exam will test your understanding of the three services in the services model, not the software design of the services How these services are combined into an application architecture determines the Application model, and each has benefits and disadvantages The model can be one of four special types: 1-tier, 2-tier, 3-tier, or n-tier Figure 10-1 shows a graphical view of the Application models

In dealing with persons in a crowd situation, a Protection Officer should: A Use good judgment and discretion B Remain impartial and courteous C Refrain from derogatory remarks D All of the above E None of the above

This is the traditional mainframe model; the three services are physically located in one computer The 1-tier model can also be used to describe a single computer with all services being used by one single user (See Figure 10-1)

The Presentation Service is responsible for drawing (rendering) the user interface (UI) It will request data from the Business Service and send updates or new data to the Business Service to be forwarded to the Data Service The Presentation Service is commonly an application that runs on the client computer For example, the web page displaying the corporate phone list is a Presentation Service, as is the C# Windows Form application displaying the same information to users on the local network The Business Service is responsible for ensuring that the data and processing meets the requirements of the business (enforcing business rules) An example of a business rule would be Don t ship goods to a customer who has an overdue account Some business rules are very changeable, and can be modified almost on a daily basis This is one of the challenges of the system architect who must identify the business rules and correctly place them within the architecture The Data Service is the encapsulation of the data source, allowing the Business Service access to any data without the Business Service having to know how that data is stored This service is the realm of ADONET

Table 10-1

Emotional reactions resulting in the formation of unruly crowds are often associated with: A Absence of authority B Religious/racial differences C Economic conditions D All of the above E None of the above

One-Tier Advantages Because all the services are in one place, this type of application is fairly simple to develop One-Tier Disadvantages Any update to any of the services will interfere with the other services and the application as a whole This type of application is typically totally rebuilt when even a small change is needed

This is the classic client/server model as it was introduced to offload the Presentation and sometimes the Business Services from the mainframe The two-tier model usually involves one computer for the client and a central server that is shared among clients See Figure 10-2 depicting the Intelligent Client model and Figure 10-3 that shows the Intelligent Server model Two-Tier Advantages Some of the services are separated If designed properly, changes will be trivial when requirements change Two-Tier Disadvantages This model is not very scalable if the client contains some of the business rules; even if the business rules are all on the server, there are still scalability issues This model also requires more hands-on management, costing more to maintain than other models

In this model, the services are each in their own layer or tier, and the business rules are in a new middle tier See Figure 10-4